Momentum --
Your textbook author calls it "oomph" -- or "inertia in motion".
The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity. Its symbol is "p". The equation: p = mv.
Impulse is the amount of change that occurs in an object's momentum (usually because the object's velocity changes). Impulse = Δp = mΔv.
Force is closely related to momentum, in fact net force can be defined at the rate of change of momentum for the object that experiences the net force.
The rate of change of momentum is expressed as Δp/t. Since Δp also equals mΔV we can say that Δp/t = mΔV/t. Now don't forget that ΔV/t = acceleration (rate of change of velocity). So Δp/t = ma and F = ma, so F = Δp/t.
Finally, solving for Δp we find that Δp = Ft. We call that last statement the "Impulse Momentum Theorem" -- The change in an object's momentum is equal to the product of the average net force against an object and the time during which that force acts.